七、核應急科技創新
VII. Scientific and Technological Innovations in Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

中國制定國家核應急工作規劃，明確核應急領域科技創新目標要求、體制機制、人才建設、主要任務、保障措施等，取得一批科技創新成果，部分成果達到國際先進水平。
China has worked out a national plan for nuclear emergency preparedness work, which has clearly defined the targets, mechanism, training of professionals, main tasks and safeguard measures for scientific and technological innovation in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. New achievements have been made, and some of them have even reached the international advanced level.

核事故后果評價與決策支持系統開發。堅持技術引進與自主創新相結合，中國有關院校和科研院所，在事故源項估算、風場診斷與預報、氣載放射性擴散、水體放射性擴散、核輻射醫學應急分類及救援、放射性劑量估算等技術領域取得成果，為國家核應急決策提供了技術支持。
Development of nuclear accident consequence evaluation and decision-making support system. By insisting on the combination of technology introduction and self-reliant innovations, China's relevant universities and R&D institutes have made achievements in such technological areas as accident source term estimation, wind field diagnosis and forecast, airborne radioactive material dispersion, radioactive material dispersion in water bodies, nuclear radiation medicine emergency classification and treatment, radioactive dose estimation, etc., which have provided technical support for the state in decision making related to national nuclear emergency preparedness.

核應急基礎技術研究。開展“華龍一號”反應堆、AP1000反應堆（美國先進壓水堆）、EPR反應堆（歐洲壓水堆）、高溫氣冷堆、快堆等三代、四代核電技術反應堆核應急技術與管理研究。針對多機組同時出現共模事故、內陸核電站嚴重事故源項分析、跨地區核應急準備、核燃料循環設施應急準備、核與輻射恐怖襲擊事件應急處置等重大課題，持續開展研究，取得一批成果，促進了中國核應急基礎技術水平的整體增強。
Basic research in nuclear emergency preparedness. Research in nuclear emergency preparedness technologies and management for third and fourth generation of nuclear power technologies, such as HPR1000, AP1000 (US Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor), EPR (European Pressurized Water Reactor), High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors and fast reactors has been carried out. Studies are continuing on important subjects such as simultaneous common-mode failure for multiple units, severe accident source term analysis for inland nuclear power plants, inter-regional nuclear emergency preparedness, nuclear fuel cycle facility emergency preparedness and emergency response to nuclear and radiological terrorist attacks, and some achievements have been made, uplifting as a whole the level of China's basic technologies concerning nuclear emergency preparedness.

核應急專用裝備研發。重點推進核應急輻射監測、輻射防護、醫學救援、去污洗消等裝備研發和系統集成。自主研制車（船）載巡測設備、航空輻射監測系統、輻射監測與事故響應機器人等裝備設備，以及車（船）載核應急指揮系統、核應急醫學分類及監測平臺、醫療支援系統等，并已裝備各級核應急救援隊。中國海關使用的門戶式輻射探測設備全部由國內企業自主研發制造。
Research and development of nuclear emergency special equipment. Priority is given to the R&D (research and development) and SI (system integration) of equipment for nuclear emergency radiation monitoring, radiation protection, medical treatment and decontamination. Independently developed equipment includes vehicle (vessel)-mounted detection equipment, aviation radiation monitoring system, radiation monitoring and accident response robots and vehicle (vessel)-mounted nuclear emergency command system, and nuclear emergency medical assorting and monitoring platform and medical support system. Each level of nuclear emergency rescue team is equipped with such equipment and systems. All gate-frame walk-through radiation detectors used by China Customs are developed by domestic enterprises.

核應急信息化技術研究。開展核應急數據采集和傳輸標準化研究，建立健全全國核應急資源管理系統。研發核應急指揮信息化系統，創新核應急預案模塊化、響應流程智能化、組織指揮可視化、輔助決策科學化等技術，實現日常管理與應急響應一體化，提高了核應急響應能力和組織指揮效率。
Research in nuclear emergency preparedness information technology. Studies on the standardization of nuclear emergency preparedness data collection and transfer have been conducted, and a nationwide nuclear emergency preparedness resources management system has been established and efforts are constantly made to improve it. Development of a nuclear emergency preparedness information system, innovative modularization of nuclear emergency preparedness plan, automation of response process, visualization of organization and command and auxiliary scientific decision-making have led to the integration of routine management with emergency response, which has also helped enhance nuclear emergency preparedness response capabilities and organizational efficiency.

核應急醫療救治技術研究。開展急性放射損傷診治等技術研究，制定急性放射損傷診斷與治療方案和救治指南。開展核輻射突發事件醫學應急關鍵技術研究及其推廣應用研究，研制適用于廣大人群的核輻射事故生物劑量快速估算方法，優化重度、極重度急性骨髓型放射病患者的非清髓造血干細胞、間充質干細胞（MSC）聯合移植救治模式，在放射病治療中實現多項突破，以最大程度減少核輻射事故引起的人員傷亡。持續開展系統的間充質干細胞治療核輻射損傷的基礎與臨床研究，創建了MSC聯合造血干細胞治療重度放射病的治療新方案，其研究成果“成體干細胞救治放射損傷新技術的建立與應用”項目獲得該領域首個國家科技進步一等獎。軍隊醫療機構研究創建了“三級處置、四級救治”體系化核應急醫學應急救援能力建設模式。
Research in nuclear emergency preparedness medical treatment technology. Research on the technology of diagnosis and treatment for acute radiation injuries has been carried out, and guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and rescue for acute radiation injuries have been developed. Key technical and promotional application research in unexpected nuclear radiation events has resulted in the development of methods for rapid biological dose assessment for nuclear radiation accidents applicable for the general public, which has helped optimize non-myeloablative stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) combined transplantation treatment for severe and extremely severe bone marrow acute radiation patients. A number of breakthroughs in the treatment of radiation diseases have been achieved, leading to a reduction of casualties of nuclear radiation accidents to the maximum extent. With primary and clinical research on the treatment of radiation injuries by use of mesenchymal stem cells, a new therapy using transplantation of combined MSC and hematopoietic stem cells for severe radiation sickness has been created. The research achievement “Establishment and Application to Treat Radiation Diseases by Using Somatic Stem Cells” won a first prize for national science and technology improvement. A “three-level handling and four-level treatment” systemized nuclear emergency medical rescue capabilities development model has been developed by China's military medical research organizations.

公眾風險溝通和心理援助研究。開展核突發事件（事故）情況下大范圍公眾群體危機心理援助技術研究，構建相關心理干預模型，提出應對預案、標準和實施指南。針對核輻射特點，研究編制核事故公眾防護問與答、核與輻射事故醫學應急等面向社會公眾的應用叢書。
Research in public risk communication and psychological assistance. Research in mass psychological assistance techniques under circumstances of unexpected event (accident) has been conducted, and relevant psychological intervention models have been established, and countermeasures, criteria and implementation guidelines have been proposed. In view of the characteristics of nuclear radiation, Q&A publications in relation to nuclear accident protection and applied books on medical countermeasures in case of nuclear and radiological accidents geared toward the public have been compiled.

核應急環境氣象創新性研究。持續研發并建設完善中國氣象環境應急響應數值預報業務系統。通過技術引進和自主研發，改進升級核及危險化學品泄漏氣象服務系統，完成大氣擴散模式的精細化改進，全球模式分辨率由原來的85千米左右提高到30千米，中尺度區域模式分辨率由15千米提高到10千米，實現了對污染物擴散更加精細化模擬和預報。
Innovative research in nuclear emergency environmental meteorology. A numerical prediction system of China's meteorological environmental emergency response is being developed and improved. Following the upgrading of the meteorological service system for nuclear and hazardous chemicals leakage and improvement of atmospheric dispersion modeling by way of technology import and self-reliant R&D, the global mode resolution has been enhanced to 30km from about 85km, and medium-scale model resolution has been enhanced to 10km from 15km, realizing a more detailed and precise simulation and prediction of pollutant dispersion.

八、核應急國際合作與交流
VIII. International Cooperation and Exchanges in the Field of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

中國是國際原子能機構成員國，始終致力于同各國一道推動建立國際核安全應急體系，促進各國共享和平利用核能事業成果，堅定不移支持和推進核應急領域國際合作與交流。中國與國際原子能機構等國際組織在核應急領域開展多層次、全方位合作，與世界有關國家核應急領域合作與交流不斷拓展。
As a member state of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), China has always been, along with the other members, dedicated to promoting the development of an international nuclear safety emergency system and the sharing of achievements resulting from the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and unswervingly supports and facilitates international cooperation and exchange in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. China has launched multi-level and all-round cooperation in respect of nuclear emergency preparedness with international organizations, including the IAEA, and is stepping up collaboration and exchange in the field of nuclear emergencies with relevant countries.

積極加入相關國際公約。中國作為聯合國常任理事國、國際原子能機構理事國，高度重視融入國際核安全應急體系。自1984年加入國際原子能機構以來，先后加入《核事故或輻射緊急情況援助公約》《及早通報核事故公約》《核材料實物保護公約》《不擴散核武器條約》《核安全公約》《制止核恐怖主義行為國際公約》等國際公約。在這些公約機制內，中國始終致力于同各國一道推動建立和平、合作、共贏的國際核安全應急體系，充分發揮建設性作用。
Actively acceding to relevant international conventions. As a permanent member of the UN Security Council and a member of the Board of Governors of the IAEA, China lays great store by integrating itself into the international nuclear safety emergency system. Since joining the IAEA in 1984, China has acceded to a number of international conventions, including the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Convention on Nuclear Safety, and International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. Under these conventions, China has always been committed to playing a constructive role in promoting the establishment of a peaceful, cooperative and mutually beneficial international nuclear safety emergency system in tandem with other countries.

積極履行核應急國際義務。中國支持國際原子能機構在促進核能與核技術應用、加強核安全、加強核應急、實施保障監督等領域發揮主導作用。中國積極履行有關國際公約規定的國際義務，響應國際原子能機構理事會、大會提出的各項倡議。中國代表團出席了歷次國際原子能機構組織的核應急主管當局會議和核安全公約履約大會，負責任地提交核應急、核安全履約國家報告。多次參加國際原子能機構組織的公約演習活動。推薦中國核應急領域的專家學者數百人次參加國際原子能機構開展的工作，為全球核應急領域合作獻計獻策。2014年5月，中國加入“國際核應急響應與援助網絡”，為國際社會核應急體系建設提供支持。
Actively fulfilling international obligations regarding nuclear emergency preparedness. China supports the IAEA's leading role in the fields of promoting nuclear energy and nuclear technology applications, strengthening nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness, and implementing safeguard supervision. China actively undertakes the international obligations set out in the relevant international conventions, and responds to each initiative put forward by the Board of Governors and General Conference of the IAEA. Chinese delegations have attended all conferences on nuclear emergency preparedness and nuclear safety convention obligation compliance organized by the IAEA, and submitted national reports on nuclear emergency preparedness and compliance with nuclear safety obligations, taking a responsible attitude. China has also, on numerous occasions, participated in exercises sponsored by the IAEA within the framework of the conventions. In addition, China has made contributions in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness to the whole world by recommending hundreds of Chinese experts and scholars in this field to participate in the work of the IAEA. In May 2014 China joined the International Nuclear Emergency Response and Assistance Network ― an act of support for the construction of the international nuclear emergency preparedness network.

積極開展雙邊交流。1984年以來，中國先后與巴西、阿根廷、英國、美國、韓國、俄羅斯、法國等30個國家簽訂雙邊核能合作協定，開展包括核應急在內的合作與交流。中國同美國合作在華建設核安保示范中心，為地區乃至國際核安保技術交流合作提供平臺。在中美和平利用核能協定框架下，中國國家原子能機構與美國能源部聯合舉辦核應急醫學救援培訓班、核應急后果評價研討班等多種培訓活動。在中俄總理定期會晤框架內設立中俄核問題分委會機制，定期研討交流核應急領域合作與交流事宜。中國與法國建立中法核能合作協調委員會機制，與韓國建立中韓核能合作聯委會機制，定期開展相關活動。中國援助巴基斯坦建設核電站，在核應急領域開展廣泛深入的合作交流。
Actively conducting bilateral exchanges. Since 1984, China has successively entered into bilateral agreements on nuclear energy cooperation with 30 countries, including Brazil, Argentina, the UK, the US, ROK, Russia and France, and conducted cooperation and exchange which include nuclear emergency preparedness. China and the US have cooperated on the construction of the Center of Nuclear Security Excellence in China as a forum for technical exchange on nuclear security within the region and the rest of the world. Under the framework of the Sino-US agreement on the peaceful use of nuclear energy, the China Atomic Energy Authority (CAEA) and the US Department of Energy have jointly upheld a number of training activities, including a nuclear emergency medical rescue training program and a nuclear emergency consequence evaluation workshop. The Sino-Russian Sub-commission for Nuclear Issues was established within the framework of the Sino-Russian Prime Ministerial Regular Meeting, by which both sides conduct exchanges and cooperation in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness on a regular basis. Furthermore, China has been involved in relevant activities on a regular basis with France and ROK, establishing the Sino-French Commission on Nuclear Energy Cooperation and Coordination with France and Sino-Korean Joint Commission on Nuclear Energy Cooperation with ROK, respectively. In addition to assisting Pakistan in building nuclear power stations, China has conducted extensive cooperation and exchanges with that country in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness.

積極拓展多邊合作。中國堅持合作共贏原則，與各國開展核應急領域合作與交流。中國國家領導人先后出席2010年華盛頓核安全峰會、2012年首爾核安全峰會、2014年海牙核安全峰會，呼吁國際社會加強核安全應急管理、提升核安全應急能力、增強各國人民對實現持久核安全、對核能事業造福人類的信心。中國國家原子能機構以各種形式與國際原子能機構開展交流與合作，2014年7月，在福建舉辦“嚴重核事故下核應急準備與響應”亞太地區培訓班，為11個國家和地區的專家提供交流平臺；2015年10月，在首次全球核應急準備與響應大會上，中國與90多個與會國家和10多個國際組織共同分享核應急準備與響應的成就，介紹中國核應急方針政策。中國通過亞洲核安全網絡、亞洲核合作論壇、亞太地區核技術合作協定等機制，在地區合作交流中積極發揮作用。中國于2004年1月正式加入世界衛生組織輻射應急醫學準備與救援網絡。中國持續舉辦核應急領域國際學術交流活動。中日韓建立核事故及早通報框架和專家交流機制，定期開展相關領域合作與交流。
Actively expanding multilateral cooperation. China conducts cooperation and exchange with other countries in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness, pursuing results that are beneficial to all involved. Chinese heads of state have appealed to the world community to strengthen nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness management, enhance nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness capabilities and boost the confidence of all peoples in achieving permanent nuclear security and the goal of nuclear energy benefiting mankind, at the 2010 Washington Nuclear Security Summit, 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit and 2014 Hague Nuclear Security Summit. The CAEA and IAEA have organized various forms of exchanges and cooperation, including “Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response under Circumstances of Severe Nuclear Accidents” training sessions for the Asia-Pacific Region held in July 2014 in China's Fujian, which served as a platform for exchanges among experts from 11 countries and regions. In October 2015 China shared its achievements in nuclear emergency preparedness and response with around 90 participating countries and a dozen international organizations, and briefed them China's policies concerning nuclear emergency preparedness at the First International Conference on Global Nuclear Emergency Preparation and Response. China plays an active role in regional exchange and cooperation through such mechanisms as the Asian Nuclear Safety Network (ANSN), Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia and Cooperation Agreement on Nuclear Technology in the Asia-Pacific Region. In January 2004 China officially joined the Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness and Assistance Network of the World Health Organization (REMPAN). China itself has successively upheld international academic exchange activities in the field of nuclear emergency preparedness. China, Japan and ROK have established a framework of early notification of nuclear accidents and a mechanism of expert exchange for cooperation and exchange in the relevant fields on a regular basis.

積極開展應對福島核事故合作交流。中國是日本的近鄰，對福島核事故尤為關切。在第一時間啟動核應急響應機制、開展本國應對工作的同時，積極履行《核事故或輻射緊急情況援助公約》國際義務，向日本政府表明提供輻射監測、醫療救護等援助的意愿。2011年5月，應日本政府邀請，中國組織專家代表團赴日本，就福島核事故進行交流，提出處置意見建議。中國還選派權威專家參加國際原子能機構福島核事故評估團，開展福島核事故影響評估。福島核事故發生后四年多來，中國政府機關、企事業單位、大專院校、科研院所，以各種形式與國際組織合作，總結探討后福島時代核應急領域重大問題。這些合作交流活動，既促進了中國核應急的改進提高，也促進了國際社會對福島核事故的經驗反饋。
Actively carrying out cooperation and exchange in response to the Fukushima nuclear accident. As a close neighbor of Japan, China was especially concerned about the Fukushima nuclear accident. It immediately activated its nuclear emergency preparedness and response mechanism and countermeasures, while expressing willingness to the Japanese government to offer radiation monitoring and medical aid by fulfilling its international obligations under the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. In May 2011, at the invitation of the Japanese government, China organized a delegation of experts to visit Japan to conduct focused exchanges with their Japanese counterparts on the Fukushima nuclear accident, and put forward suggestions for the handling of it. Furthermore, China dispatched senior experts to join the IAEA's Fukushima Nuclear Accident Assessment Team to evaluate the impact from the Fukushima accident. In the past four years or so since the Fukushima nuclear accident, Chinese government organs, enterprises and institutions, colleges and universities and R&D institutes have conducted various forms of collaboration with international organizations in summing up and discussing important issues in relation to post-Fukushima nuclear emergency preparedness. These activities not only have helped China improve its nuclear emergency work, but also have helped the international community in accessing experience feedback from the Fukushima nuclear accident.

積極響應國際原子能機構核安全行動計劃。福島核事故后，國際原子能機構發布《核安全行動計劃》，為國際社會改進核應急工作提供借鑒。中國參考新的標準和理念，全面改進國家核應急準備與響應工作；充實增加國家核安全核應急監管力量和技術支持力量；全面檢查所有核設施營運單位核應急工作，按照新的標準完善應急措施；加強頂層設計，進行統籌規劃，建立健全核應急能力體系。中國堅持采用最先進的技術、執行最嚴格的標準，全面提升核應急管理，努力把核應急提高到新水平。
Actively responding to the IAEA's Action Plan on Nuclear Safety. The IAEA published the Action Plan on Nuclear Safety in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear accident to serve as reference for all countries in improving their respective nuclear emergency work. Consulting the new criteria and concepts, China has comprehensively improved its nuclear emergency preparation and response mechanism by enhancing supervision and technical support for national nuclear safety and nuclear emergency preparedness, conducting inspections on nuclear emergency work of all operators of nuclear installations, perfecting emergency measures in accordance with the new criteria and strengthening top-tier design and planning to establish a robust nuclear emergency preparedness capabilities system. China is endeavoring to upgrade its nuclear emergency work to a new level by persisting in using state-of-the-art technology, upholding the most rigorous criteria and enforcing nuclear emergency management in a comprehensive manner.

結束語
Conclusion

貫徹創新、協調、綠色、開放、共享發展理念，堅定不移推進核能事業發展，是中國的重要戰略選擇。發展核能事業的步伐不停止，加強核應急的步伐就不會停止。中國將不斷加強和改進核應急工作，為核能事業安全高效、持續健康發展提供堅強保障。
China will continue to press forward with the development of nuclear energy as an important strategic choice for promoting economic and social development in line with the ideas of innovation, coordination, greening, openness and shared development. As long as China continues to develop nuclear energy, it will never relent in its efforts to further strengthen its nuclear emergency preparedness. China will spare no effort to improve this work on a continuing basis to provide a robust bulwark in support of the safe, efficient, sustainable and healthy development of the nuclear energy sector.

在未來，中國將堅持總體國家安全觀和理性、協調、并進的核安全觀，多措并舉，綜合施策，不斷增強核安全應急能力，扎實做好核應急工作。堅持發展與安全并重，以安全為前提發展核能事業，使核應急與核能發展協調并進；堅持能力與需求匹配，適應核能事業發展要求，不斷提升核應急能力，確保核應急響應及時有效；堅持國內與國際交流，繼續深化核應急領域國際合作，推進建立面向未來的國際核安全應急體系，國際社會共享和平利用核能事業成果；堅持當前與長遠兼顧，著眼中國和世界核能事業發展大勢，前瞻謀劃核應急工作，確保籌劃在先、準備在先、預防在先，增強主動性、掌握主動權。
In future, while adhering to the concept of overall national security and the nuclear safety concept of rational, coordinated and tandem development, China will take multiple and comprehensive measures to enhance its nuclear safety emergency capabilities and ensure its nuclear emergency preparedness at all times. China will continue to place equal emphasis on development and safety, and develop nuclear energy on the premise of safety, strengthen coordinated improvement in nuclear emergency preparedness and nuclear energy development to ensure that each and every action item of nuclear emergency preparedness is fully implemented. China will persist in matching capacity to demand, meet the requirements of nuclear energy development in terms of situation and tasks, continuously enhance its national nuclear emergency capabilities, and ensure that its nuclear emergency response is timely and effective. Meanwhile, China will persist in domestic and international exchange by continuing to deepen international cooperation in respect of nuclear emergency preparedness to promote the establishment of an international nuclear safety emergency preparedness system with an eye to the future, and share with the international community its achievements in the peaceful use of nuclear energy. China will persist in giving equal attention to present and long-term development, keep in perspective the megatrends of nuclear energy development at home and abroad, plan nuclear emergency preparedness in a forward-looking manner, and ensure that efforts in respect of planning, preparation and prevention are made in advance so that we can always take the initiative in case of any emergencies.

中國的發展離不開世界，世界的發展也離不開中國。中國將積極參與構建國際核安全應急體系，與國際社會一道，共同解決核應急領域面臨的重大課題。中國有信心、有能力不斷提升核應急準備與響應水平，為實現持久核安全、實現核能事業造福人類作出貢獻。
China cannot develop in isolation from the rest of the world, nor can the world enjoy prosperity without China. China will take an active part in constructing an international nuclear safety emergency system, and join hands with the nations of the rest of the world to tackle the important issues facing nuclear emergency preparedness. China has the confidence and ability to enhance its nuclear emergency preparedness and responses to realize permanent nuclear safety and achieve the goal of nuclear energy benefiting mankind.

（來源：新華網，編輯：Helen）